第12章 権力と統治形態 n.30 - 危機における民衆と指導者
戦争は,(富の場合とは)異なったまたもっと暴力的な(はげしい)心理によって,(民主主義に)影響を及ぼす(operate 作用する)。恐怖心は人々に指導者を待望させ、成功した将軍(凱旋した将軍)は恐怖心の反対である情熱的な賛美を引きおこす。勝利は、当座は、真の重要性をもった唯一のものと思われるので、凱旋将軍は容易に自国(の人々)を説きつけて、彼に最高の権限(統帥権)を託す。危機が続くかぎり、彼は欠くべからざる人物と判断され、危機が去ったときにやめさせよう思た時にやめさせることはとても困難になっているかも知れない(可能性がある)。 |
Chapter XII: Powers and Forms of Governmants, n.30The two great influences against democracy in the past have been wealth and war. We may take the Medici and Napoleon as illustrating these two. Men whose wealth is obtained by commerce are, as a rule, less harsh and more conciliatory than those whose power is due to ownership of land; they are, therefore, more skilful in buying their way into power, and governing afterwards so as not to rouse violent resentments, than are those whose status is merely hereditary and traditional. The gains made in commerce, for example in Venice or in the towns of the Hanseatic League, were made at the expense of the foreigner, and accordingly aroused no unpopularity at home, such as attaches to the manufacturer who makes his fortune by employing sweated labour. An oligarchy of substantial burghers is therefore the most natural and stable form of government for a predominantly commercial community. And this easily develops into monarchy if one family is much richer than any other.War operates by a different and more violent psychology. Fear makes men wish for a leader, and a successful general rouses the passionate admiration which is the obverse of fear. Since victory seems, at the moment, the one thing of real importance, the successful general easily persuades his country to entrust him with supreme power. So long as the crisis continues, he is judged indispensable, and when it is over he may have become very difficult to remove. |