第12章 権力と統治形態 n.29- 統治形態の変化の原理?
けれども,民主主義から離れようとする運動も決して新しいものではない(注:ヒトラーは1933年にドイツの首相に就任;本書の出版は1938年)。それらの運動は多くのギリシア都市国家において,ローマ帝国樹立の時のローマにおいて,また,中世イタリアの商業共和国において起こった。(それでは)民主主義に向おうとする,あるいは民主主義から離れようとする多様な展開を決定する何らかの一般的な原則を発見することは可能であろうか? |
Chapter XII: Powers and Forms of Governmants, n.29Something must be said as to the ways in which, in a given institution, the forms of government change. This is a matter as to which history gives no sure guidance. We have seen that, in Egypt and Babylonia, absolute monarchy was fully developed at the period when historical records begin; from anthropological evidence, it may be presumed to have developed out of the authority of chiefs originally limited by a Council of Elders. Throughout Asia (excluding China), absolute monarchy has never, except under European influence, shown any sign of giving way to any other form of government. In Europe, on the contrary, it has never, in historical times, been stable for long periods. In the Middle Ages, the power of kings was limited by that of the feudal nobility, as well as by the municipal autonomy of the more important commercial cities. After the Renaissance, the power of kings increased throughout Europe, but this increase was brought to an end by the rise of the middle class, first in England, then in France, and then in the rest of Western Europe. Until the Bolsheviks dismissed the Constituent Assembly at the beginning of 1918, it might have been thought that parliamentary democracy was certain to prevail throughout the civilized world.Movements away from democracy are, however, no new thing. They occurred in many Greek City States, in Rome when the Empire was established, and in the commercial republics of mediaeval Italy. Is it possible to discover any general principles determining the various developments towards or away from democracy? |