一般的原理 - 忍耐、勤勉さ、正確さの涵養
正確さは,意志による注意力のコントロールと同様,ことによると,教育改革者たちが重視することのあまりにも少ない問題かもしれない。バラード博士(前掲書,第16章)は,現代の小学校は昔の小学校よりも大部分の点で格段に改善されているけれども,正確さという点では劣っている,と明確に述べている。博士は次のように言っている。「1880年代及び1890年代前半に行なわれた(年1回の)学年試験において生徒に課せられたテストが,今もたくさん残っている。これらのテストの成績は,奨学金(授与の判定)のために利用されることになっていた。今日,これと同じテストを同じ年齢の生徒に課してみると,成績ははっきりと,しかもいつも(当時の子どもたちより)きまって悪い。これについてどのような説明(弁解)をしようとも,この事実にはまったく疑いはない。総体的に見れば,現在のイギリスの学校 --少なくとも,現在のイギリスの小学校-- で行なわれていることは,四半世紀前(訳注:19000年前後)よりも正確さに欠けている。」 この問題についてのバラード博士の議論は全て大変すぐれているので,私が付け加えるぺきことはほとんどない。けれども,博士の(本書における)結びの言葉を引いておこう。「どんなに考えてみても,正確さは依然として,気高く,人を奮い立たせる一つの理想である。正確さは,知性の道徳である。即ち,知性に固有の理想を追求する際,何を目指すべきかを規定している。私たちが思考と言葉と行為においてどれほど正確であるかが,私たちの真理への忠実さのおおよその尺度となる。」 |
Pt. 3: Intellectual education - Chap.14 General principlesPatience and industry ought to result from a good education. It was formerly thought that they could only be secured, in most cases, by the enforcement of good habits imposed by external authority. Undoubtedly this method has some success, as may be seen when a horse is broken in. But I think it is better to stimulate the ambition required for overcoming difficulties, which can be done by grading the difficulties so that the pleasure of success may at first be won fairly easily. This gives experience of the rewards of persistence, and gradually the amount of persistence required can be increased. Exactly similar remarks apply to the belief that knowledge is difficult but not impossible, which is best generated by inducing the pupil to solve a series of carefully graded problems.Exactness, like the voluntary control of attention, is a matter to which educational reformers perhaps tend to attach too little importance. Dr. Ballard (op. cit., chap. xvi) states definitely that our elementary schools, in this respect, are not so good as they were, although in most respects they are vastly improved. He says ; "There is in existence a large number of tests given to school children in the annual examination of the 'eighties and early 'nineties, and the results of those tests were scheduled for purposes of grant. When those same tests are set to-day to children of the same age the results are palpably and consistently worse. Account for it as we may, there can be no doubt whatever about the fact. Taken as a whole, the work done in our schools--our primary schools at least--is less accurate than it was a quarter of a century ago." Dr. Ballard's whole discussion of this subject is so excellent that I have little to add to it. I will, however, quote his concluding words : " After all deductions have been made, it [accuracy] is still a noble and inspiring ideal. It is the morality of the intellect : it prescribes what it ought to strive for in the pursuit of its own proper ideal. For the extent to which we are accurate in our thoughts, words and deeds is a rough measure of our fealty to truth." |
(掲載日:2015.06.20/更新日: )