現代世界では,移動が迅速にできるようになったおかげで,昔の人々に比べて,現代人は,地理的に最も近隣の人々に依存する度合いがより少なくてすむようになっている。(現代では)自家用車を持っている人びとは,20マイル以内に住んでいる人なら誰でも隣人とみなすことが可能である。それゆえ,現代人は,友人や伴侶を選択するという問題において,昔よりもずっと自分の力を発揮することができる。人口の多い地域に住んでいるのに,20マイル以内に'気の合った人間'が見つけられない人は,非常に不幸であると言わなければならない。すぐ隣近所の人々とお互いよく知り合うべきだという考えは,人口密集地では死に絶えてしまったが,小さな都市や田舎には依然として残存している。しかし,交際上すぐ隣りの人に依存する必要はないため,それはばかげた考えになってしまっている。ただ近くに住んでいるという理由よりも,'気心が合う'という理由で友人や伴侶を選ぶことが,ますます可能になってきている。幸福は,同じような好みや同じような意見を持った人たちとの交際によって増進される。社交は,ますますこの線に沿って発展することが期待され,そうして,こうした方法により,現在,非常に多くの因習にとらわれない人たちを苦しめている孤独感は,しだいにほとんど消滅する位に減少することが期待される。これにより,彼らの幸福は増すだろうが,因習的な人たちが,現在,因習にとらわれない人たちを左右することで得ている,'加虐的な快楽'をもちろん減少させるだろう。ただし,こういう快楽は,保存することに大いに関心を持つ必要があるとは,私は考えない(皮肉です)。 |
I think that in general, apart from expert opinion, there is too much respect paid to the opinions of others, both in great matters and in small ones. One should as a rule respect public opinion in so far as is necessary to avoid starvation and to keep out of prison, but anything that goes beyond this is voluntary submission to an unnecessary tyranny, and is likely to interfere with happiness in all kinds of ways. Take, for example, the matter of expenditure. Very many people spend money in ways quite different from those that their natural tastes would enjoin, merely because they feel that the respect of their neighbours depends upon their possession of a good car and their ability to give good dinners. As a matter of fact, any man who can obviously afford a car but genuinely prefers travel or a good library will in the end be much more respected than if he behaved exactly like everyone else. There is, of course, no point in deliberately flouting public opinion; this is still to be under its domination, though in a topsy-turvy way. But to be genuinely indifferent to it is both a strength and a source of happiness. And a society composed of men and women who do not bow too much to the conventions is a far more interesting society than one in which all behave alike. Where each person's character is developed individually, differences of type are preserved, and it is worth while to meet new people, because they are not mere replicas of those whom one has met already. This has been one of the advantages of aristocracy, since where status depended upon birth behaviour was allowed to be erratic. In the modern world we are losing this source of social freedom, and therefore a more deliberate realisation of the dangers of uniformity has become desirable. I do not mean that people should be intentionally eccentric, which is just as uninteresting as being conventional. I mean only that people should be natural, and should follow their spontaneous tastes in so far as these are not definitely anti-social.
In the modern world, owing to the swiftness of locomotion, people are less dependent than they used to be upon their geographically nearest neighbours. Those who have cars can regard as a neighbour any person living within twenty miles. They have therefore a much greater power than was formerly the case of choosing their companions. In any populous neighbourhood a man must be very unfortunate if he cannot find congenial souls within twenty miles. The idea that one should know one's immediate neighbours has died out in large centres of population, but still lingers in small towns and in the country. lt has become a foolish idea, since there is no need to be dependent upon immediate neighbours for society. More and more it becomes possible to choose our companions on account of congeniality rather than on account of mere propinquity. Happiness is promoted by associations of persons with similar tastes and similar opinions. Social intercourse may be expected to develop more and more along these lines and it may be hoped that by these means the loneliness that now afflicts so many unconventional people will be gradually diminished almost to vanishing point. This will undoubtedly increase their happiness, but it will of course diminish the sadistic pleasure which the conventional at present derive from having the unconventional at their mercy. I do not think, however, that this is a pleasure which we need be greatly concerned to preserve. |
(掲載日:2005.11.23/更新日:2010.04.19)