第12章 権力と統治形態 n.15 - 一つの政党による統治
ロシアや中国においては,国民(人口)の大部分は文盲であり政治的経験を持っておらず,革命家とし成功をおさめた者は,非常に困難な状況に自分たちが置かれているのに気づいた。西欧的な方式による民主主義はとうてい成功するはずはなかった。(即ち)それは中国で試みられたが,当初から大失敗(fiasco)であった。これに反して,ロシアの革命政党は,土地貴族と中産階級の金持に対して,ただ軽蔑しか感じていなかった(注:西欧の民主主義を導入しようとは思っていなかった)。(つまり)彼らの念頭にある目的のいずれも,このような階級から選ばれた寡頭政体は達成できなかった(のである)。そこで彼ら革命政党員たちは次のように言った。「我々(即ち)革命を成就した我が党は,祖国が民主主義を受けいれる機が熟するまで,政治権力を保持しよう。その間,我々は祖国(の人々)を我々(共産党)の原理原則によって教育しよう。」 |
Chapter XII: Powers and Forms of Governmants, n.15Government by a Church or political party -- which may be called a theocracy -- is a form of oligarchy which has assumed a new importance in recent years. It had an older form, which survived in the Patrimony of St. Peter and in the Jesuit regime in Paraguay, but its modern form begins with calvin's rule in Geneva -- apart from the very brief sway of the Anabaptists in Münster. Still more modern was the Rule of the Saints, which ended in England at the Restoration, but survived for a considerable period in New England. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this type of government might have been thought permanently extinct. But it was revived by Lenin, adopted in Italy and Germany, and seriously attempted in China.In a country such as Russia or China, where the bulk of the population is illiterate and without political experience, the successful revolutionary found himself in a very difficult situation. Democracy on Western lines could not possibly succeed; it was attempted in China, but was a fiasco from the first. On the other hand, the revolutionary parties in Russia had nothing but contempt for the territorial aristocracy and the rich of the middle class ; none of the objects they had in view could be achieved by an oligarchy chosen from these classes. They accordingly said : "We, the party that has made the revolution, will retain political power until such time as the country is ripe for democracy; and meanwhile we will educate the country in our principles." |