* 右下イラスト:B. Russell's The Good Citizen's Alphabet, 1953.
インド,中国,日本では,政治がらみの外的環境が,若い知識階級の幸福を阻害しているが,しかし,西欧に見られるような内的な障害物は存在しない。若者にとって重要と思われる活動がいろいろあるが,そういった活動がうまくいく限り,若者は幸福である。(インド,中国,日本などの)若者たちは,自分たちには国民生活の中で担うべき重要な役割と追求する目的があり,その目的は,困難ではあるが実現不可能ではないと思っている。西欧の最高の教育を受けた若い男女に非常によく見られる冷笑的な態度は,安楽さと無力感とが結びついて生じるものである。無力感は,人びとにやりがいのあるものは何ひとつないと感じさせ,安楽さは,こうした感情の辛さをやっと耐えられるものにする。東洋ではどこでも,大学生は,現代の西欧におけるよりももっと大きな影響を彼らが世論に及ぼすことを期待できるが,相当な収入にありつく機会は,西欧におけるよりもずっと少ない。彼は無力でも,安楽でもないので,改革者または革命家にはなるが,冷笑家にはならない。改革者または革命家の幸福は,社会問題の成り行きひとつにかかっているが,彼は,処刑される瞬間でさえ,安楽な冷笑家に可能である幸福以上の,より多くの真の幸福を味わうかも知れない。一人の中国人の青年が--彼は帰国して,同じような学校を中国の反動的な地域に設立しようとして考えていたが--,私の学校(Beacon Hill School)を訪れた時のことを覚えている。彼は,その結果,首をはねられることになることを予想(覚悟)していた。それにもかかわらず,うらやましいとしか言えないような静謐(せいひつ)な幸福を享受していた。 |
It must, I think, be admitted that the most intelligent young people in Western countries tend to have that kind of unhappiness that comes of finding no adequate employment for their best talents. This, however, is not the case in Eastern countries. The intelligent young at the present day are probably happier in Russia than anywhere else in the world. They have there a new world to create, and an ardent faith in accordance with which to create it. The old have been executed, starved, exiled, or in some other way disinfected, so that they cannot, as in every Western country, compel the young to choose between doing harm and doing nothing. To the sophisticated Occidental the faith of the young Russian may seem crude, but, after all, what is there to be said against it? He is creating a new world; the new world is to his liking; the new world will almost certainly, when created, make the average Russian happier than he was before the Revolution. It may not be a world in which the sophisticated Western intellectual would be happy, but the sophisticated Western intellectual does not have to live in it. By any pragmatic test, therefore, the faith of young Russia is justified, and to condemn it as crude can have no justification except on a basis of theory. In India. China, and Japan, external circumstances of a political sort interfere with the happiness of the young intelligentsia, but there is no such internal obstacle as exists in the West. There are activities which appear important to the young, and, in so far as these activities succeed, the young are happy. They feel that they have an important part to play in the national life, and aims to pursue which, though difficult, are not impossible to realise. Cynicism such as one finds very frequently among the most highly educated young men and women of the West results from the combination of comfort with powerlessness. Powerlessness makes people feel that nothing is worth doing, and comfort makes the painfulness of this feeling just endurable. Throughout the East the university student can hope for more influence upon public opinion than he can have in the modern West, but he has much less opportunity than in the West of securing a substantial income. Being neither powerless nor comfortable, he becomes a reformer or a revolutionary, not a cynic. The happiness of the reformer or revolutionary depends upon the course of public affairs, but probably even while he is being executed he enjoys more real happiness than is possible for the comfortable cynic. I remember a young Chinese visitor to my school who was going home to found a similar school in a reactionary part of China. He expected the result to be that his head would be cut off. Nevertheless he enjoyed a quiet happiness that I could only envy. |
(掲載日:2005.12.21/更新日:2010.4.23)