バートランド・ラッセル『反俗評論集-人類の将来』第1章(松下彰良・訳)
* 原著:Bertrand Russell: Unpopular Essays, 1950
第1章「哲学と政治(1947)」n.23
商業が自由主義とむすびつく理由は明瞭である。 貿易によって人々は自分達のものと異なる部族の慣習と接触させられ、それによって、貿易は旅をしない者(井のなかの蛙)が持つ独善的な考え方を打ち壊す。買い手と売り手の関係はともに自由な当事者間の交渉という関係であり、買い手でも売り手でも相手が何を考えているかを知る時に最も有利となる。もちろん帝国主義的商業もあり、そこにおいては、人々は 剣をつきつけられて(at the point of the sword)無理やり買わせられる。しかし、これは自由主義哲学を生み出すような種類の商業ではなく、自由主義哲学は軍事力を余り持たない富める交易都市においてもっともよく繁栄したものである。現代において、古代および中世の商業都市にもっともよく似ている都市は、スイス、オランダ、スカンジナビアのような小国においてみいだすことができる。 |
Philosophy and Politics, (1947),n.23What may be called, in a broad sense, the Liberal theory of politics is a recurrent product of commerce. The first known example of it was in the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, which lived by trading with Egypt and Lydia. When Athens, in the time of Pericles, became commiercial, the Athenians became Liberal. After a long eclipse. Liberal ideas revived in the Lombard cities of the middle ages, and prevailed in Italy until they were extinguished by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century. But the Spaniards failed to reconquer Holland or to subdue England, and it was these countries that were the champions of Liberalism and the leaders in commerce in the seventeenth century. In our day the leadership has passed to the United States.The reasons for the connection of commerce with Liberalism are obvious. Trade brings men into contact with tribal customs different from their own, and in so doing destroys the dogmatism of the untravelled. The relation of buyer and seller is one of negotiation between two parties who are both free; it is most profitable when the buyer or seller is able to understand the point of view of the other party. There is, of course, imperialistic commerce, where men are forced to buy at the point of the sword ; but this is not the kind that generates Liberal philosophies, which have flourished best in trading cities that have wealth without much military strength. In the present day, the nearest analogue to the commercial cities of antiquity and the middle ages is to be found in small countries such as Switzerland, Holland, and Scandinavia. |