バートランド・ラッセル『反俗評論集-人類の将来』第1章(松下彰良・訳)
* 原著:Bertrand Russell: Unpopular Essays, 1950
第1章「哲学と政治(1947)」n.22
民主主義を理論的に正当化し、そうして、気性(心的傾向)において民主主義と一致する、唯一の哲学は、経験主義の哲学である。 J. ロックは -近代世界に関する限り、経験主義の創始者と見なされてよいだろうが- 経験主義が彼の自由と寛容に関する見解並びに絶対君主制に対する反対といかに密接に結びついているかということを明らかにしている。彼は、我々の知識の大部分が不確実であることを強調してやまないが、それはヒュームのような懐疑的意図を持ってするのではなく、人々に自分達は間違っているかも知れないということ、そうして、自分達と意見を異にする人々とつきあうにあたっては、自分達の間違いの可能性を計算にいれておかなければならないということに気づかせる意図をもって強調するのである。彼は(いろいろな)宗派の人達の「熱狂」と王権神授説の教義との両方によってなされ数々の害悪を目にしてきた。つまり、断片的で寄せ集めの政治理論に反対し、それらの理論は要所要所で(いろいろなポイントで)吟味されなければならない(のである)。 |
Philosophy and Politics, (1947),n.22It is obvious that an autocratic system, such as that advocated by Hegel or by Marx’s present-day disciples, is only theoretically justifiable on a basis of unquestioned dogma. If you know for certain what is the purpose of the universe in relation to human life, what is going to happen, and what is good for people even if they do not think so; if you can say, as Hegel does, that his theory of history is "a result which happens to be known to me, because I have traversed the entire field" -- then you will feel that no degree of coercion is too great, provided it leads to the goal.The only philosophy that affords a theoretical justification of democracy, and that accords with democracy in its temper of mind, is empiricism. Locke, who may be regarded, so far as the modern world is concerned, as the founder of empiricism, makes it clear how closely this is connected with his views on liberty and toleration, and with his opposition to absolute monarchy. He is never tired of emphasizing the unceitainty of most of our knowledge, not with a sceptical intention such as Hume's, but with the intention of making men aware that they may be mistaken, and that they should take account of this possibility in all their dealings with men of opinions different from their own. He had seen the evils wrought, both by the "enthusiasm" of the sectaries, and by the dogma of the divine right of kings; to both he opposed a piecemeal and patchwork political doctrine, to be tested at each point by its success in practice. |