バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』第2部[「情熱の葛藤」- 第2章- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, Part II, chapter 5
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第2部「情熱の葛藤」- 第5章「結束(団結)と競争」n.4 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, part II: The Conflict of Passions, chapter 5: Cohesion and Rivalry, n.4 | |||
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After the fall of Rome, the West was for a long time given over to the anarchic rule of rivalry, which became as dominant as cohesion had been in earlier centuries. England, France, Spain, and Italy, were split into a number of petty kingdoms. It was only gradually and with many set-backs that cohesion again began to get the upper hand. The Empire of Charlemagne did not last. Holy Roman Emperors and French Kings had little authority over their nominal vassals. The Holy Roman Emperors never acquired effective authority, but the French Kings were at last more successful. Spain was unified by the union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella, and by the expulsion of the Moors. England, meanwhile, had emerged from the disunion of early Saxon times, and became united with Scotland by a stroke of dynastic good fortune. The age of discovery led to the creation of several new empires, all of them larger than the Roman Empire. But these new empires had not the stability of Rome. First France, then England, and then Spain lost most of the territory they had acquired in the Western hemisphere. |