バートランド・ラッセル『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』- Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954
* 原著:Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954* 邦訳書:バートランド・ラッセル(著),勝部真長・長谷川鑛平(共訳)『ヒューマン・ソサエティ-倫理学から政治学へ』(玉川大学出版部,1981年7月刊。268+x pp.)
『ヒューマン・ソサエティ』第5章:部分的善と一般的善 n.2 |
Human Society in Ethics and Politics, 1954, chapter 5: Partial and General Goods, n.2 | |||
道徳には様々な体系があり、個人が求めるべき善の階層(注:class ここでは、部類、種類?)については、それぞれ異なる見解をとっている。これらの体系はすべて共存しており、多くの個人が、ある時にはある1つの体系を、またある時には別の体系を支持する(hold)。それぞれの道徳体系は、よく知られている格言に具体化されている。 キリストは、人は一般的な善を追求すべきであると教えた。これは、「汝、隣人を己のごとく愛せよ」という戒律の趣旨であり、善きサマリア人のたとえ話とともに、通常は敵意をもって見なされている集団の一員であっても隣人と見なされることを示している。同じ見解が仏教徒やストア派にもあった(Humani nihil a me alienum puto)。
彼らの悪巧みを挫けさせよ、 彼らの政治を混乱させ そして彼らを堕落させよ しかし、私たちの多くは、今でも同じ気持ちを心に抱いている。 *1 原注: これらの格言のうち、第一のものは英国人の高貴な理想主義を表しており、第三のものはドイツ人の道徳的堕落を示している。その他の点では3つはまったく何の違いもない。 |
There are various systems of morality, which take differing views as to the class whose good an individual should seek. These systems all co-exist, and many individuals hold sometimes one, sometimes another. Each of them is embodied in familiar maxims. Christ taught that a man should pursue the general good. This is the purport of the precept "thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself", together with the explanatory parable of the Good Samaritan, showing that a member of a group usually regarded with hostility is to be considered a neighbour. The same view was taken by the Buddhists, and by the Stoics (humani nihil a me alienum puto). Since the rise of nationalism, it has been common to substitute the good of one's own nation for that of all mankind as the proper aim of a virtuous man's endeavours. This view is embodied in such maxims as “for king and country”, “my country, right or wrong”, “Deutschland Uber alles”*1, etc. I knew some Russian revolutionaries during the Russo-Japanese war who drank a toast "to the failure of Russian arms"; it gave me a shock, although with my reason I agreed with them. During the recent war, many British patriots had difficulty in approving of anti-Nazi Germans who desired the defeat of Hitler. Until the inauguration of the League of Nations, it was taken as axiomatic that a country's foreign policy should take account only of its own interests. Since that date, though the practice has remained unchanged, there has been some modification of the theory. When we sing the National Anthem, we no longer permit ourselves to proclaim with gusto the lines wishing ill to foreigners: Frustrate their knavish tricks, Confound their politics. And make them fall. But many of us still cherish the same sentiments in our hearts. *1: The first of these maxims expresses the noble idealism of the British, the third shows the moral depravity of the Germans. Otherwise there is no difference between them. |