第12章 権力と統治形態 n.13 - 王の神性に対する信仰の消滅
王や専制君主は,もしも国内政治において抜けめなくやり,かつ,対外的にもうまくやれば,自分の権力を推持することができる。王(や)独裁君主が半ば神聖な者(quasi-divine)であれば,彼の王朝は無期限に続くかもしれない。しかし,文明の発達により王の神性に対する信仰は終止符が打たれる。(即ち)戦いに敗れることは常にさけられることではない。政治的な老檜さ(抜け目なさ)は君主に不変の属性であるはずはない。従って、早晩,たとえ外国からの征服がなくても(if = even if),革命が起こり,君主政治は廃止されるか,権力を剥奪されるか,いずれかとなる。 |
Chapter XII: Powers and Forms of Governmants, n.13The other cause for the decay of monarchy is more important. Kings acquire the habit of relying upon some section of the population : the aristocracy, the Church, the higher bourgeoisie, or perhaps a geographical group, such as the Cossacks. Gradually economic or cultural changes diminish the power of the favoured group; and the king shares their unpopularity. He may even, like Nicholas II, be so unwise as to lose the support of the groups that should be most completely on his side; but this is exceptional. Charles I and Louis XVI were supported by the aristocracy, but fell because the middle class was opposed to them.A king or despot can maintain his power if he is astute in internal politics and successful externally. If he is quasi-divine, his dynasty may be prolonged indefinitely. But the growth of civilization puts an end to belief in his divinity; defeat in war is not always avoidable ; and political astuteness cannot be an invariable attribute of monarchs. Therefore sooner or later, if there is no external conquest, there is revolution, and the monarchy is either abolished or shorn of its power. |