第10章 権力の源泉としての信条 n.9 - 戦争の見込みについての誤算
人間に関する事柄がチェスのように計算可能であり,しかも,政治家や将軍がチェスの名人のように賢ければ,このような(以上のような)見方にもいくらか真理があるかもしれない。戦争に勝利した場合の利益は疑わしいが,しかし,戦争に敗北した場合の不利益は確実である(疑う余地がない)。従って,問題の先頭に立つ超人が,誰が(結果として)勝利することになるかを予見することができれば,戦争はまったくなくなるであろう。しかし,実際のことろ,戦争は行われており,また,いかなる戦争においても,両政府ということはなくとも、どちらかの政府は(戦争の)見込み(chances 成算)について誤算を犯してきたに違いない(のである)。これ(誤算)には幾つかの理由(reasons わけ)がある。誇りと虚栄のため,無知のため,興奮の伝染しやすさのため,といった理由である。一般民衆は,無知のまま(戦争の勝利を)信じさせられている場合,彼らの確信と好戦的感情は容易に支配者(統治者)に伝わるであろうし,支配者(統治者)たちは,あらゆる新聞にも、あらゆる会話にも出てくる愉快な事実に対し,支配者(統治者)は知っているが(一般民衆には)隠している不愉快な事実と同じような重み付けをすることはほどんどできない。ヒステリーと誇大妄想が人々をとらえつつあり,政府もこれを免れうるものではない(免疫をもっていない)。 |
Chapter X: Creeds as Sources of Power, n.9Let us now take up our second truism: that it is advantageous to have beliefs which are in accordance with fact. So far as direct advantages are concerned, this is only true of a limited class of beliefs: first, technical matters, such as the properties of high explosives and poison gases; secondly, matters concerning the relative strengths of the opposing forces. Even as regards these matters, it may be said, only those who decide policy and military operations need have correct views: it is desirable that the populace should feel sure of victory, and should underrate the dangers of attack from the air. Only the government, the military chiefs, and their technical staffs need know the facts; among all others, blind confidence and blind obedience are what is most to be desired.If human affairs were as calculable as chess, and politicians and generals as clever as good chess players, there might be some truth in this view. The advantages of successful war are doubtful, but the disadvantages of unsuccessful war are certain. If, therefore, the supermen at the head of affairs could foresee who was going to win, there would be no wars. But in fact there are wars, and in every war the government on one side, if not on both, must have miscalculated its chances. For this there are many reasons : of pride and vanity, of ignorance, and of contagious excitement. When the populace is kept ignorantly confident, its confidence and its bellicose sentiment may easily be communicated to the rulers, who can hardly attach the same weight to unpleasant facts which they know but conceal as to the pleasant facts that are being proclaimed in every newspaper and in every conversation. Hysteria and megalomania are catching, and governments have no immunity. |