第8章 経済的権力 n.2 - 最終的な所有権?
製造業者の権力も同種のものである。業者の権力は,どこまでも分析していくと,ロックアウト(工場閉鎖),即ち,工場所有者が資格のない者(事前の許可を受けていない者)が彼の工場の中に入ることを禁ずるために国家権力を呼び寄せることができるという事実に依存している。世論の状態によっては,国家がこの点において工場所有者の言いつけ通りに行うことに気が進まないこともあるかもしれない。その結果,(工場内での)坐り込ストライキが可能となる。そうしたストライキが国家によって大目にみられるやいなや,所有権はそれまでのように全て雇用者に帰するのでなく,ある程度,被雇用者と共有されるようになり始める(のである)。 |
Chapter VIII: Economic Power, n.2But the same analysis applies in less obvious cases. Why must a tenant farmer pay rent for his farm, and why can he sell his crop? He must pay rent because the land "belongs" to the landowner. The landowner owns the land because he has acquired it by purchase or inheritance from some one else. Pursuing the history of his title backwards, we come ultimately to some man who acquired the land by force -- either the arbitrary power of a king exercised in favour of some courtier, or a large-scale conquest such as those of the Saxons and Normans. In the intervals between such acts of violence, the power of the State is used to insure that ownership shall pass according to law. And ownership of land is power to decide who shall be permitted to be on the land. For this permission the farmer pays rent, and in virtue of it he can sell his crop.The power of the industrialist is of the same sort; it rests, in the last analysis, upon the lock-out, that is to say, upon the fact that the owner of a factory can call upon the forces of the State to prevent unauthorized persons from entering it. In certain states of public opinion, the State may be reluctant to do the bidding of the owner in this respect; the consequence is that stay-in strikes become possible. As soon as they are tolerated by the State, ownership ceases to be vested wholly in the employer, and begins to be shared, in some degree, with the employees. |