積極的優生学
彼らのような事情に対処する最も簡単な方法は,その子供たちに,(小学校から)大学を出るまで無料の教育を与える(grant 認める)ことであろう。即ち,大ざっばに言えば,(給付)奨学金は,子供の優秀さよりも親の優秀さに基づいて授けるべきである(on the merits of ~の価値で=~が優秀か優秀でないかに基づき・・・)。このやり方には,詰め込み教育と勉強のしすぎ -これによって,(英国の)最も賢い青年たちの大部分が21歳(注:英国も成人は21歳)に達する前に,過度のストレスのために,知的にも肉体的にも損なわれている- を一掃する(doing away with)という,付随的な利点もあるだろう。 けれども,英国においても,また,アメリカにおいても,国家が,専門職に従事している人たちの大部分に多くの子どもを生む気にさせるのに真に十分な(適切な)措置を採ることは,おそらく,不可能であろう。それを阻む(注:道を塞ぐ stands in the way)ものは,民主主義である。優生学の思想は人間は(能力においてまた権利において)不平等である,という想定(仮定)に基づいているのに対して,民主主義の思想は人間は(権利において)平等であるという想定(仮定)に基づいている。それゆえ,優生学の思想が,低能(imbeciles)のような少数の能力の劣った人たちがいることをほのめかすかたちをとらないで,少数の優れた人たちがいることを認めるかたちをとるときには,この優生思想を民主主義社会で実行することは,政治的に非常に困難である。前者は,大多数にとって愉快であるが,後者は大多数にとって不愉快である。従って,前者の事実を具体化する措置は,大多数の支持を得ることができるが,後者の事実を具体化する措置は,大多数の支持が得られないのである。 |
Chapter XVIII: Eugenics, n.5I come now to positive eugenics, which has more interesting possibilities, though as yet they belong to the future. Positive eugenics consists in the attempt to encourage desirable parents to have a large number of children. At present the exact contrary is general. An abnormally clever boy in an elementary school, for example, will rise into the professional classes, and will probably, therefore, marry at the age of thirty-five or forty, whereas those in his original environment who are not unusually clever will marry at about twenty-five. The expense of education is a grave burden in the professional classes, and therefore causes them to limit their families very severely. Probably their intellectual average is somewhat higher than that of most other classes, so that this limitation is regrettable. The simplest measure for dealing with their case would be to grant free education up to and including the university to their children. That is to say, broadly speaking, that scholarships should be awarded on the merits of the parents rather than of the children. This would have the incidental advantage of doing away with cramming and overwork, which at present causes most of the cleverest young people to be intellectually and physically damaged by too much strain before they reach the age of twenty-one. It would probably, however, be impossible, either in England or in America, for the State to adopt any measure really adequate to cause professional men to breed large families. What stands in the way is democracy. The ideas of eugenics are based on the assumption that men are unequal, while democracy is based on the assumption that they are equal. It is, therefore, politically very difficult to carry out eugenic ideas in a democratic community when those ideas take the form, not of suggesting that there is a minority of inferior people such as imbeciles, but of admitting that there is a minority of superior people. The former is pleasing to the majority, the latter unpleasing. Measures embodying the former fact can therefore win the support of a majority, while measures embodying the latter cannot. |