第15章 非個人的な興味(私心のない興味)
不幸や疲労や神経の緊張の原因の一つは,自分自身の生活において実際的な重要性のないいかなるものに対しても興味・関心を持つことができないことである。その結果として,意識的な心は,多少の不安と多少の心配の要素が含まれているだろうわずかな(数少ない)事柄のために(事柄が原因で),休息を得ることができない(できなくなる)。 (注:岩波文庫の安藤貞雄 訳では,「そういうことの果てに,意識的な心は,ある少数の事柄から休息を得ることができなくなる。しかもそうした事柄の一つ一つには,おそらく,多少の不安と多少の不安の要素が含まれているのだ」となっているが,これだとニュアンスがよくわからない。/(松下の解釈)from は「原因(・・・のために)」:自分や家族にとって重要性のあるものに注意が集中し,他のものには,興味が持てなくなる→すると,わずかな(少数の)心配事なども,(通常であればそのような些細な心配事は,気分転換によってうまく処理されるのであるが,)頭の片隅に残ってしまい,それが原因で気が休めなくなる。また,表面上は振り払ったと思っても,意識下では働いていて,やはり休息がとれなくなる。) 眠っているとき以外,意識的な心は決して休むことを許されないが,一方,意識下の思考は,徐々に知恵をつけ,成熟していく。その結果,興奮しやすく,思慮に欠け,怒りっぽくなり,バランス感覚が失われる。これらは全て,疲労の原因であり,結果である。人間は疲れれば疲れるほど,外界に対する興味が薄れていき,外界への興味が薄れるにつれて,そうした興味から得られる息抜きがなくなり,さらにより疲れるようになる。この悪循環は,最後には,神経衰弱を引き起こしやすい。外界に対する興味が気分を休めるのは,それがいかなる行動をも要求しないからである。決定したり,意志(決断したこと)を実行したりすることは非常に疲れることであるが,特に,急いで,無意識の助けなしに決断を下し,意志を実行しなければならないときはそうである。重要な決定をする前に,「(それについて)一晩寝てから考える」ことが必要だと感じる人たちは,まったくもって正しい。しかし,意識下の精神過程が働きうるのは,眠りの中のみではない。そういう精神過程は,人の意識的な心がほかの方向に向けられているときにも,働くことができる。仕事が終われば仕事のことは忘れ,翌日再開するまで思い出さない人は,その間ずっと仕事のことを気にかけている人よりも,ずっとよい仕事をしそうである。また,仕事以外について興味をたくさん持っていれば,持っていない場合よりも,仕事を忘れるべきときに忘れることがずっと容易になる。ただし,こういう興味は,一日の仕事で使い果たしてしまったところの能力を使うものであってはならないというのは,最重要なことである。こうした興味は,意志とか即座の決断とかを伴うものであってはならず,ギャンブル(賭け事)のように金銭的な要素を含むものであってもならず,また,原則として,感情を疲労させ,意識だけでなく無意識の心の注意をうばうほど興奮させるものであってはならない。 これらの条件を全て満たす娯楽は,非常にたくさんある。スポーツ競技の観戦,観劇,ゴルフ競技などは,この観点からすれば,いずれも非の打ち所がない。'読書好きな人'にとっては,自分の専門の仕事に関係のない読み物はまったく申し分がない。心配ごとがどんなに重要であっても,起きている間じゅうずっと,そのことばかり考えていてはいけない。 |
In this chapter I wish to consider not those major interests about which a man' s life is built, but those minor interests which fill his leisure and afford relaxation from the tenseness of his more serious preoccupations. In the life of the average man his wife and children, his work and his financial position occupy the main part of his anxious and serious thought. Even if he has extra-matrimonial love affairs, they probably do not concern him as profoundly in themselves as in their possible effects upon his home life. The interests which are bound up with his work I am not for the present regarding as impersonal interests. A man of science, for example, must keep abreast of research in his own line. Towards such research his feelings have the warmth and vividness belonging to something intimately concerned with his career, but if he reads about research in some quite other science with which he is not professionally concerned he reads in quite a different spirit, not professionally, less critically, more disinterestedly. Even if he has to use his mind in order to follow what is said, his reading is nevertheless a relaxation, because it is not connected with his responsibilities: If the book interests him, his interest is impersonal in a sense which cannot be applied to the books upon his own subject. It is such interests lying outside the main activities of a man's life that I wish to speak about in the present chapter. One of the sources of unhappiness, fatigue, and nervous strain is inability to be interested in anything that is not of practical importance in one's own life. The result of this is that the conscious mind gets no rest from a certain small number of matters, each of which probably involves some anxiety and some element of worry. Except in sleep the conscious mind is never allowed to lie fallow while subconscious thought matures its gradual wisdom. The result is excitability, lack of sagacity, irritability, and a loss of sense of proportion. All these are both causes and effects of fatigue. As a man gets more tired, his external interests fade, and as they fade he loses the relief which they afford him and becomes still more tired. This vicious circle is only too apt to end in a breakdown. What is restful about external interests is the fact that they do not call for any action. Making decisions and exercising volition are very fatiguing, especially if they have to be done hurriedly and without the help of the subconscious. Men who feel that they must 'sleep on it' before coming to an important decision are profoundly right. But it is not only in sleep that the subconscious mental processes can work. They can work also while a man's conscious mind is occupied elsewhere. The man who can forget his work when it is over and not remember it until it begins again next day is likely to do his work far better than the man who worries about it throughout the intervening hours. And it is very much easier to forget work at the times when it ought to be forgotten if a man has many interests other than his work than it is if he has not. It is, however, essential that these interests should not exercise those very faculties which have been exhausted by his day's work. They should not involve will and quick decision, they should not, like gambling, involve any financial element, and they should as a rule not be so exciting as to produce emotional fatigue and preoccupy the subconscious as well as the conscious mind / A great many amusements fulfill all these conditions. Watching games, going to the theatre, playing golf, are all irreproachable from this point of view. For a man of a bookish turn of mind, reading unconnected with his professional activities is very satisfactory. However important a worry may be, it should not be thought about throughout the whole of the waking hours. |
(掲載日:2006.07.14/更新日:2010.5.10)