第14章 普遍者、個別者、固有名 n.18 - 言語的定義によらないで理解できる語?
この狭い意味での「名」は、感覚においてであれ、思考においてであれ、何か(実際に)経験されたことに対してのみ与えることができる。経験さたことが単純であるかあるいは複雑であるかの問題は(ここでは)無関係である。しかし、この章の初めの議論で無関係としてしりぞけたあの針の先のような個物(個別者)(訳注:たとえば「ひとつの原子」)を我々は決して経験することはないということは無関係ではない。心理学における主観や物理学における物質粒子は、もしそれら理解できるものであるべきなら、両者とも、経験された性質や関係の束として、または経験において知られる関係によってそういう束に関係づけられているものとして、みなされなければならない。通常の(普通の)固有名が創り出される基本的装置(The fundamental apparatusは、上記の理論によれば、通常(普通には)、「実体」よりもむしろ「性質」と見なされれるもの ー たとえば、「赤」と「青」;「固い」と「柔らかい」;「快」と「不快」のようなもの - からなっていなければならない。このことは,、構文論上(統語論上)の再編成(rearrangement)をいくらか必要とする(要求する。即ち、「これは赤い」と言う代わりに、「赤さが中心性と共存している(be compresent with)」と言わなければならない。ただし、それは、その赤いものが我々の視野の中心にある場合である。もしそうでなければ、「中心性」の代わりに、適切な程度の「右性」か「左性」か、あるいは、「上」か「下」をおかなければならないであろう。 |
Chapter 14, n.18If we adopt this view, we are faced with the problem of deciding whether ordinary language contains any words that are proper names in the above sense. The question of particulars and universals is connected with our present question, but not in a very simple way. We have to ask ourselves: What are the words that we can understand otherwise than by means of a verbal definition? Again omitting logical words, the words that we can understand without a verbal definition must denote things that can, in some sense, be pointed out. 'Red' and blue', for example, are words for certain kinds of experience, and we get to know what these words mean by hearing them pronounced when we are noticing red things or blue things. There is a little more difficulty about psychological words, such as 'remembering', but the principle is the same. If you can see that a child is remembering something, and you then say to him, 'Do you remember that?' he comes in time to know what you mean by the word. It is only by some such process that words acquire their relation to facts.Names in this restricted sense can only be given to something experienced, whether in sense or in thought. The question whether what is experienced is simple or complex is irrelevant, but it is not irrelevant that we never experience the kind of pin-point particular which our discussion earlier in this chapter rejected as unnecessary. The subject in psychology, and the particle of matter in physics, if they are to be intelligible, must both be regarded either as bundles of experienced qualities and relations or as related to such bundles by relations known to experience. The fundamental apparatus out of which ordinary proper names are manufactured must, according to the above theory, be composed of what would ordinarily be regarded as qualities rather than substances - e.g. red and blue and hard and soft and pleasant and unpleasant. This requires some syntactical rearrangement. Instead of saying, 'This is red', we shall have to say, ‘Redness is compresent with centrality'; if the red thing concerned is in the centre of our field of vision. If it is not, we shall have to substitute for centrality the appropriate degree of rightness or leftness and of up or down. |