第1章 概観 哲学における当初の興味・関心
哲学における私の当初の(初期の)の興味・関心には二つの源があった。一方で私は、たとえ漠然としたものであっても,宗教的信念と呼ぶことができるものに対して、哲学が何らかの弁護を与えるか否かを明らかにしたいと切望した。他方、他の領域ではダメだとしても,純粋数学においては何ごとか(確実なこと)を知ることが可能だということを確信したかった。私はこれら2つの問題について、青年時代に、孤独の中で、書物の助けをほとんど借りることなく考えた。(その結果)宗教に関しては、私はまず(人間の))自由意志を信じなくなり)、次に(人間の)不死を信じなくなり、ついには神(の存在)を信じなくなった。数学の基礎については、私は何の結論も得なかった(I got nowhere どこへも到達しなかった)。経験論に向おうとする強い傾向を(私は)持っていたにもかかわらず、 私は、「2+2は4に等しい」ということが、経験からの帰納的一般化(inductive genelarization)であると信ずることはできなかった。だが,この全く消極的な結論を越えた全てのものに対しては、依然疑いを抱いたままであった。 |
Chapter 1: Introductory OutlineMy philosophical development may be divided into various stages according to the problems with which I have been concerned and the men whose work has influenced me. There is only one constant preoccupation: I have throughout been anxious to discover how much we can be said to know and with what degree of certainty or doubtfulness. There is one major division in my philosophical work: in the years 1899-1900 I adopted the philosophy of logical atomism and the technique of Peano in mathematical logic. This was so great a revolution as to make my previous work, except such as was purely mathematical, irrelevant to everything that I did later. The change in these years was a revolution; subsequent changes have been of the nature of an evolution.My original interest in philosophy had two sources. On the one hand, I was anxious to discover whether philosophy would provide any defence for anything that could be called religious belief, however vague; on the other hand, I wished to persuade myself that something could be known, in pure mathematics if not elsewhere. I thought about both these problems during adolescence, in solitude and with little help from books. As regards religion, I came to disbelieve first in free will, then in immortality, and finally in God. As regards the foundations of mathematics, I got nowhere. In spite of strong bias towards empiricism, I could not believe that 'two plus two equals four' is an inductive generalization from experience, but I remained in doubt as to everything beyond this purely negative conclusion. |