宗教に対する異議(承前)
それからまた,そのような膨大な(神による創造の)過程の頂点として考えられるとき,我々(人間)が実際十分に素晴らしいものだとは私には思えない。もちろん,多くの神学者(や聖職者)は私よりもはるかに素晴らしいものであり,私の長所よりも彼らの長所のほうがはるかに超越していることを(私が)理解していないことも,私は気づいている(注:皮肉ですね)。それにもかかわらず,このことを認めて,いろいろな斟酌したとしても,永遠を通じて働きかける全能者(神)であるならば,(現状よりも)もっと立派なものを創造できたはずであろう,と考えざるをえない。それに,(現在の)この結果でさえ線香花火的なもの(一瞬の出来事)である,ということをよく考えなければならない。地球はいつまでも住み続けられるものではなく,人類は(いずれ)死に絶えるであろう。そして,もし宇宙の過程が今後も自らを正当化するには,地球の表面以外のいたるところでそうしなければならない。そして,たとえこのことが起こるとしても,早晩止まなければならない。熱力学の第二法則(注:エントロピー増大の法則)によれば,宇宙はしだいに衰えていき,最後には,ほんの少しでも興味のある事柄はどこにおいても不可能になってしまう,ということはほとんど疑う余地はないであろう。もちろん,その時がきたら,神は宇宙機械(宇宙機構のネジ)をもう一度巻き直して下さるだろうと言うことは自由である。しかしそう言うのでないなら,我々は,信仰にのみその主張を基礎づけることができ,科学的証拠の一片に(さえ)置くことはできない。科学的な証拠に関する限り,宇宙は,いろいろな段階を踏んで,のろのろと時間がすぎ,地球上に幾分哀れな結果をもたらしつつあるが,さらに哀れないくつかの段階を通って,ついには宇宙の死の状態に至ることであろう。もしもこれが(神の)一つの目的の証拠とみなされるとするならば,その目的は私には魅力のないものだと言えるだけである。それゆえ,私は,漠然とした、また薄められたものであったとしても,いかなる種類の神も信ずる理由を見つけられない。私は,古い形而上学上の議論(神の存在証明法)は片方に押しやってしまった。なぜなら,宗教の弁明者たち自身でさえ(そういった議論を)放棄してしまったからである。 |
The Objections to ReligionThe usual argument of religious people on this subject is roughly as follows: "I and my friends are persons of amazing intelligence and virtue. It is hardly conceivable that so much intelligence and virtue could have come about by chance. There must, therefore, be someone at least as intelligent and virtuous as we are who set the cosmic machinery in motion with a view to producing Us." I am sorry to say that I do not find this argument so impressive as it is found by those who use it. The universe is large; yet, if we are to believe Eddington, there are probably nowhere else in the universe beings as intelligent as men. If you consider the total amount of matter in the world and compare it with the amount forming the bodies of intelligent beings, you will see that the latter bears an almost infinitesimal proportion to the former. Consequently, even if it is enormously improbable that the laws of chance will produce an organism capable of intelligence out of a casual selection of atoms, it is nevertheless probable that there will be in the universe that very small number of such organisms that we do in fact find.Then again, considered as the climax to such a vast process, we do not really seem to me sufficiently marvelous. Of course, I am aware that many divines are far more marvelous than I am, and that I cannot wholly appreciate merits so far transcending my own. Nevertheless, even after making allowances under this head, I cannot but think that Omnipotence operating through all eternity might have produced something better. And then we have to reflect that even this result is only a flash in the pan. The earth will not always remain habitable; the human race will die out, and if the cosmic process is to justify itself hereafter it will have to do so elsewhere than on the surface of our planet. And even if this should occur, it must stop sooner or later. The second law of thermodynamics makes it scarcely possible to doubt that the universe is running down, and that ultimately nothing of the slightest interest will be possible anywhere. Of course, it is open to us to say that when that time comes God will wind up the machinery again; but if we do not say this, we can base our assertion only upon faith, not upon one shred of scientific evidence. So far as scientific evidence goes, the universe has crawled by slow stages to a somewhat pitiful result on this earth and is going to crawl by still more pitiful stages to a condition of universal death. If this is to be taken as evidence of a purpose, I can only say that the purpose is one that does not appeal to me. I see no reason, therefore, to believe in any sort of God, however vague and however attenuated. I leave on one side the old metaphysical arguments, since religious apologists themselves have thrown them over. |