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第18章 権力を手懐けること, n.1 - 聖人や賢人による統治「孔子が泰山の側（そば）を通りかかった時，墓前ではげしく泣いている婦人に出会った。孔子載っている車（馬車？）を推し進め，彼女の近くにすばやく近づいた。そうして子路（注：孔門十哲の一人）に婦人が泣いている理由を尋ねさせた。彼は聞いた。「あなたの嘆きをお聞きすると，度重なるご不幸がおありのようですね」 彼女は応えた。「舅，夫，子供が虎に襲われて死んでしまいました。」 孔子が「なぜ（虎に襲われる危険な土地を）去らないのか」と尋ねたところ，婦人は「ここには圧政を行う政府がありません（よその土地に移って，ひどい政治に苦しむよりはましです）」と答えた。 孔子は言った。「このことを覚えておきなさい。圧政的な政府は虎よりももっと恐ろしいということを」本章の主題は，政治を（誰もが恐れる）虎よりも恐ろしくないものになることを保証（確保）するという問題である。
歴史あるいは人間性について研究しているいかなる人にとっても，民主主義は，完全な解決(法)ではないにしても，この問題を解決するための必須の部分だということは，明らかに違いない。完全な解決(法)は，（解決のための条件を）政治的な条件だけに限ったのでは発見することはできない。我々は、経済や，宣伝や，我々をとりまく状況や教育から影響を受けるものとしての（人間の）心理もまた考慮に入れなくてはならない。このようにして，我々の主題は，（次の）四つ（の条件下）に分割される。 （一）政治的条件 （二）経済的条件 （三）宣伝に関する条件 （四）心理的及び教育的条件 これらについて，順次論じていこう。 |
Chapter 18: The taming of Power, n.1"In passing by the side of Mount Thai, Confucius came on a woman who was weeping bitterly by a grave. The Master pressed forward and drove quickly to her; then he sent Tze-lu to question her. 'Your wailing,' said he, 'is that of one who has suffered sorrow on sorrow.' She replied, 'that is so. Once my husband's father was killed here by a tiger. My husband was also killed, and now my son has died in the same way'. The Master said, 'why do you not leave the place?' The answer was, 'there is no oppressive government here.' The Master then said, 'Remember this, my children : oppressive government is more terrible than tigers."The subject of the present chapter is the problem of insuring that government shall be less terrible than tigers. The problem of the taming of power is, as the above quotation shows, a very ancient one. The Taoists thought it insoluble, and advocated anarchism; the Confucians trusted to a certain ethical and governmental training which should turn the holders of power into sages endowed with moderation and benevolence. At the same period, in Greece, democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny were contending for mastery; democracy was intended to check abuses of power, but was perpetually defeating itself by falling a victim to the temporary popularity of some demagogue. Plato, like Confucius, sought the solution in a government of men trained to wisdom. This view has been revived by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb, who admire an oligarchy in which power is confined to those who have the "vocation of leadership." In the interval between Plato and the Webbs, the world has tried military autocracy, theocracy, hereditary monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, and the Rule of the Saints - the last of these, after the failure of Cromwell's experiment, having been revived in our day by Lenin and Hitler. All this suggests that our problem has not yet been solved. To anyone who studies history or human nature, it must be evident that democracy, while not a complete solution, is an essential part of the solution. The complete solution is not to be found by confining ourselves to political conditions; we must take account also of economics, of propaganda, and of psychology as affected by circumstances and education. Our subject thus divides itself into four parts : (I) political conditions, (II) economic conditions, (Ill) propaganda conditions, and (IV) psychological and educational conditions. Let us take these in succession. |
