第10章 権力の源泉としての信条 n.2 - 狂信主義による権力獲得の古典的な例
「イスラム教徒たち(Moslems)は弱気だった。彼らは,金の不足や,馬の不足や,食糧の不足を主張した。(また)農繁期の忙しさや夏の堪えがたい暑さ訴えた。(これに対し)怒れる予言者ムハンマドは,『地獄の暑さはもっとずっと暑いぞ!』と言った。ムハンマドはイスラム教徒たちの服務を強要することを潔しとしなかったが,しかし帰国するや,最も罪の深い者に五十日間の閉門(注: excommunication は,キリスト教では「破門」)を言い渡して,これに戒告を与えた(admonished 忠告した)。」(ギボン『ローマ帝国衰亡史』第50章)狂信主義は,ムハンマドが生きていた時代及び死後数年間は,アラブ人たち(国民)を団結させ,,戦闘における自信を与え,不信心者(注:イスラム教を信じない者や異教徒)と戦って死んだ者に対しては必ず天国に行けるとの約束によって,勇気を促進した(のである)。 しかし,狂信主義はアラブ人の当初のいろいろな試みを鼓舞したけれども,彼らの勝利の期間を長くしたのは,他の諸原因からであった(のせいであった)。ビザンチン帝国もペルシャ帝国も,長期間に渡る,勝敗が定まらない戦争のために,ともに弱体化した。また,ローマの軍隊は,(イスラムの)騎兵隊に対しては,終始,弱かった。(これに対して),アラブの騎兵たちは,信じられないくらい機動性があり,彼らよりももっと贅沢な隣人(,ペルシャ人やローマ人)が耐えられないような艱難辛苦に慣れていた。これらの諸事情(諸状況)は、イスラム教徒の成功には欠くべからざるものであった(のである)。 |
Chapter X: Creeds as Sources of Power, n.2The classic example of power through fanaticism is the rise of Islam. Mohammed added nothing to the knowledge or to the material resources of the Arabs, and yet, within a few years of his death, they had acquired a large empire by defeating their most powerful neighbours. Undoubtedly, the religion founded by the Prophet was an essential element in the success of his nation. At the very end of his life, he declared war on the Byzantine Empire. "The Moslems were discouraged : they alleged the want of money, or horses, or provisions: the season of harvest, and the intolerable heat of the summer: 'Hell is much hotter,' said the indignant prophet. He disdained to compel their service; but on his return he admonished the most guilty, by an excommunication of fifty days" (Gibbon, Chap. L).Fanaticism, while Mohammed lived, and for a few years after his death, united the Arab nation, gave it confidence in battle, and promoted courage by the promise of Paradise to those who fell fighting the infidel. But although fanaticism inspired the first attempts of the Arabs, it was to other causes that they owed their prolonged career of victory. The Byzantine and Persian Empires were both weakened by long and indecisive wars; and Roman armies, at all times, were weak against cavalry. The Arab horsemen were incredibly mobile, and were inured to hardships which their more luxurious neighbours found intolerable. These circumstances were essential to the first successes of the Muslim. |