最適人口密度?
だとすれば,経済的観点から見て,人口増加を望む理由はまったくない。こういった望みをいだく人々とは,通例,国家主義的な軍国主義の動機に鼓舞されており,彼らの望む人口増加は,永続的なものになるはずがない。というのは,彼らが目指している戦争を起こしたとたんに,増加した人口は,掃き捨てられてしまうからである。それゆえ,こういう人びとの立場は,実は,人口の制限は避妊用具によるよりも,戦死によるほうがよい,ということになる。こういう見解は,この間題をじっくり考えた人なら誰もが受け入れることのできないものであり,そういう見解を持っているように見える人々は,ただ,頭が混乱しているために,そういう見解を持っているのである。 戦争に関する議論は別にして,産児制限の方法に関する知識のおかげで,文明諸国の人口が静止的(静止=安定状態))になりつつあることは,大いに喜ぶべきことである。 |
Chapter XVII: Population, n.8Before we can profitably discuss this problem, it is necessary to be clear as to what we desire. There is in any given state of economic technique what Carr Saunders calls an optimum density of population, that is to say, a density which gives the maximum income per head. If the population falls below this level or rises above it, the general level of economic well-being is diminished. Broadly speaking, every advance in economic technique increases the optimum density of population. In the hunting stage, one person per square mile is about right, whereas in an advanced industrial country a population of several hundred per square mile is likely to be not excessive. There is reason to think that England, since the war, is over-populated. One cannot say the same of France, still less of America. But it is not likely that France, or indeed any country of Western Europe, would gain in average wealth by an increase of population. That being so, we have no reason, from an economic point of view, to desire that population should increase. Those who feel this desire are usually inspired by motives of nationalistic militarism, and the increase of population that they desire is not to be a permanent one, since it is to be wiped out as soon as they can get the war at which they are aiming. In fact, therefore, the position of these people is that it is better to restrict population by death on the battlefield than by contraceptives. This view is not one which can be entertained by anyone who has thought it out, and those who seem to hold it do so only from muddle-headedness. Apart from arguments concerned with war, we have every reason to rejoice that the knowledge of birth-control methods is causing the populations of civilized countries to become stationary. |