「感覚」や「知覚」(という語)は両方ともいくらか混乱した概念であり、普通に定義されるように,どちらかが起こるかどうか疑われるかも知れない。そこで、最初の事例では,これらの語の使用を避けて、疑わしい仮定をできるだけ少くして,起きることについて記述してみよう。 |
It is time to inquire what we mean by "thoughts" when we say that Descartes was a series of thoughts. It would be more conventionally correct to say that Descartes' mind was a series of thoughts, since his body is generally supposed to have been something different. His mind, we may say, was what Descartes was to himself and to no one else; whereas his body was public, and appeared to others as well as to himself. Descartes uses the word "thoughts" somewhat more widely than it would be used nowadays, and we shall, perhaps, avoid confusion if we substitute the phrase "mental phenomena." Before we reach what would ordinarily be called "thinking," there are more elementary occurrences, which come under the heads of "sensation" and "perception." Common sense would say that perception always has an object, and that in general the object of perception is not mental. Sensation and perception would, in common parlance, not count as "thoughts." Thoughts would consist of such occurrences as memories, beliefs, and desires. Before considering thoughts in this narrower sense, I should wish to say a few words about
sensation and perception. Both "sensation" and "perception" are somewhat confused concepts, and, as ordinarily defined, it may be doubted whether either ever occurs. Let us, therefore, in the first instance avoid the use of these words, and try to describe what occurs with as few doubtful assumptions as possible. |