犬や女房やクルミの樹は,クルミの樹を鞭打つことによる道徳的効果について,私はまったく経験したことはない。しかし,文明人であるならば,この詩の妻に関するところを正当化する人は一人もいないであろう。罰による改善効果は,なかなか消えてなくならない信念であるが、その主な理由は,罰することがわれわれのサディズム的衝動を非常に満足させる,ということにある,と私は考える。 しかし,信念よりは情熱の方が,人間生活における不都合なものに,より多くの関連をもっているけれども,それでもなお,信念は,特に古代からのもので,体系化され,いろいろな組織の中に具体化されたものである場合には,意見の望ましい変化を遅らせるか,さもなければ,いずれの方向にも強い感情を持たないような人々に誤まった方向へと影響を及ぼす,大きな力をもっている。「人類に害を与えてきた思想」というのが私の(ここでの)主題であるので,特に有害な信念の諸体系について考察することにしよう。 |
It would be easy to multiply instances in support of the thesis that opinions which justify cruelty are inspired by cruel impulses. When we pass in review the opinions of former times which are now recognized as absurd, it will be found that nine times out of ten they were such as to justify the infliction of suffering. Take, for instance, medical practice. When anesthetics were invented they were thought to be wicked as being an attempt to thwart God's will. Insanity was thought to be due to diabolic possession, and it was believed that demons inhabiting a madman could be driven out by inflicting pain upon him, and so making them uncomfortable. In pursuit of this opinion, lunatics were treated for years on end with systematic and conscientious brutality. I cannot think of any instance of an erroneous medical treatment that was agreeable rather than disagreeable to the patient. Or again, take moral education. Consider how much brutality has been justified by the rhyme:A dog, a wife, and a walnut tree,I have no experience of the moral effect of flagellation on walnut trees, but no civilized person would now justify the rhyme as regards wives. The reformative effect of punishment is a belief that dies hard, chiefly I think, because it is so satisfying to our sadistic impulses. But although passions have had more to do than beliefs with what is amiss in human life, yet beliefs, especially where they are ancient and systematic and embodied in organizations, have a great power of delaying desirable changes of opinion and of influencing in the wrong direction people who otherwise would have no strong feelings either way. Since my subject is 'Ideas that have Harmed Mankind,' it is especially harmful systems of beliefs that I shall consider. |