バートランド・ラッセル『意味と真偽性-言語哲学的研究』序論 冒頭
* 出典:バートランド・ラッセル(著),毛利可信(訳)『意味と真偽性-言語哲学的研究』(文化評論出版,1973年1月。417pp.)* 原著:An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, 1940
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(右挿絵:本書出版年である1940年に、ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙にのった漫画で、ラッセルがニューヨーク市立大学教授就任を取り消されたいわゆる「バートランド・ラッセル事件」を題材としている。/出典: R. Clark's B. Russell and His World) 本書の目的は、経験的知識に関する諸問題の研究である。本書の方法は、伝統的な知識論とは相反しているが、おもな相違は、本書が言語的考察を重んずるところにある。私は言語を2つの主要問題との関連において考察したい。その問題は、この予備的段階ではあまり厳密な言い方はできないが、一応次のように言える。 1.「命題が真であることの経験的証拠」とは何か。 2.そのような証拠が時には存在するという事実は、何を物語るか。
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The present work is intended as an investigation of certain problems concerning empirical knowledge. As opposed to traditional theory of knowledge, the method adopted differs chiefly in the importance attached to linguistic considerations. I propose to consider language in relation to two main problems, which, in preliminary and not very precise terms, may be stated as follows: 1. What is meant by 'empirical evidence for the truth of a proposition'? 2. What can be inferred from the fact that there sometimes is such evidence? Here, as usually in philosophy, the first difficulty is to see that the problem is difficult; If you say to a person untrained in philosophy, 'How do you know I have two eyes?' he or she will reply, 'What a silly question! I can see you have.' It is not to be supposed that, when our inquiry is finished, we shall have arrived at anything radically different from this un-philosophical position. What will have happened will be that we shall have come to see a complicated structure where we thought everything was simple, that we shall have become aware of the penumbra of uncertainty surrounding the situations which inspire no doubt, that we shall find doubt more frequently justified than we supposed, and that even the most plausible premisses will have shown themselves capable of yielding unplausible conclusions. The net result is to substitute articulate hesitation for inarticulate certainty. Whether this result has an value is a question which I shall not consider. |