同情(心)は純粋な動機であること,また,時によって他人の苦痛によっていくらか居心地が悪くなる人もいること,を疑問に付すことができるとは,私は考えません。過去数百年における多くの人道主義的な進歩を生んだのは同情(心)です。(人道主義的な進歩として)精神異常者が虐待されている(不適切な取り扱いを受けている)という話を聞くとき,われわれはショックを覚えますが,今日では彼らが虐待されていないかなりの精神病院があります。西欧諸国の囚人たちは拷問にはかけられないはずになっていますが,拷問が行なわれている場合には,その事実が発見されると大騒ぎになります。我々は『オリヴァー・トゥイスト』のなかで取り扱われたように孤児が取り扱われることを是認しません。新教(プロテスタント)の国々では,動物に対する残酷さ(動物虐待)を是認しません。これらすべての点で,同情(心)は政治的に効果的をあげてきました。もし戦争(勃発)の恐怖が取り除かれるのなら,同情(心)の効用はより大きなものになるでしょう。おそらく,人類の将来の最高の希望は,同情(心)の範囲と強さが増大させるいろいろな方法が見出されることでしょう。 |
You may have been feeling that I have allowed only for bad motives, or, at best, such as are ethically neutral. I am afraid they are, as a rule, more powerful than more altruistic motives, but I do not deny that altruistic motives exist, and may, on occasion, be effective. The agitation against slavery in England in the early nineteenth century was indubitably altruistic, and was thoroughly effective. Its altruism was proved by the fact that in 1833 British taxpayers paid many millions in compensation to Jamaican landowners for the liberation of their slaves, and also by the fact that at the Congress of Vienna the British Government was prepared to make important concessions with a view to inducing other nations to abandon the slave trade. This is an instance from the past, but present-day America has afforded instances equally remarkable. I will not, however, go into these, as I do not wish to become embarked in current controversies. I do not think it can be questioned that sympathy is a genuine motive, and that some people at some times are made somewhat uncomfortable by the sufferings of some other people. It is sympathy that has produced the many humanitarian advances of the last hundred years. We are shocked when we hear stories of the ill-treatment of lunatics, and there are now quite a number of asylums in which they are not ill-treated. Prisoners in Western countries are not supposed to be tortured, and when they are, there is an outcry if the facts are discovered. We do not approve of treating orphans as they are treated in Oliver Twist. Protestant countries disapprove of cruelty to animals. In all these ways sympathy has been politically effective. If the fear of war were removed, its effectiveness would become much greater. Perhaps the best hope for the future of mankind is that ways will be found of increasing the scope and intensity of sympathy. |