バートランド・ラッセル「羞恥心について」(1932年11月23日)(松下彰良 訳)* 原著:On Feeling Ashamed, by Bertrand Russell* Source: Mortals and Others, v.1, 1975 |
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* 改訳(また一部未訳の部分を全訳化)しました。(2011.2.9) 欧米は「罪の文化」であり,日本は「恥の文化」であるという言い方がよくされます。日本人は,自分の行為は倫理上よいことかどうかということよりも,知人や社会の眼を気にし,他人にどう映るかを行動の判断基準にしがちだという国民性があります。これに対し,欧米人は,キリスト教の伝統もあり,「神(絶対者)」に個人個人が向き合っており,他人がどう感じるかではなく,倫理的にどうかといった捉え方をよくするようです。 しかし(文化による大きな違いはあるにしても,)同じ人間ですので,ラッセルがいう意味での「羞恥心」は一部の例外を除いて,人類共通のようです。「後悔先に立たず」という諺がありますが,失敗してみて(たとえば犯罪が露見してから)「あんなことをしなければよかった」とか,「恥ずかしい」とかいった感情を抱くことになります。いろいろな犯罪(汚職,窃盗,公人の嘘,等々)がばれて,(それまで自分の犯罪を忘れていたひとが)急に後悔の念にさいなまれるというのは,本当に日常的な出来事になっています。(1999.11.27,松下)
ある種の幸運な人々は,大きな事柄であろうと小さな事柄であろうと,自分が間違っているという感覚をまったく持たない(経験しない)。私はかつてある著名な淑女に向かって,あなたは恥ずかしさを感じたことがあるか尋ねた時のことを覚えている。彼女はその時次のように答えた。
「いいえ,私が少しでもそのように感じるときには,私は自分にこう言います。『あなたは,世界中で最も聡明な国民の中の,最も聡明な階級に属する,最も聡明な家系の中の,最も聡明な一員ではないですか。そのあなたがどうして恥ずかしく感じることがありましょう』」(訳注:これを言ったのはベアトリス・ウェッブであるが,この逸話は,『ラッセル自伝』の第4章「婚約時代」の一節に再度引用されている。)この返事を聞いて,私は畏敬と羨望を感じた。(注:もちろん,半分皮肉です。) |
Most people, at any rate most young people, know the feeling of a sudden humiliating recollection, when one goes hot all over and stops breathing for a moment. If in company I have told a story which was too long and failed to raise the expected laugh, or which was tactless in view of some person's presence, I am apt to wake up in the middle of the night with a hot feeling of shame, of which the cause for a moment escapes me and then suddenly rushes back into memory. The same sort of thing happens when one has been ignorant of something one ought to have known, and more particularly if one has failed to recognize a person who is hurt at being forgotten. I suspect that Lord Rolle, who rolled down the steps of the throne at Queen Victoria's coronation, could never after hear about rolling without a blush. I still remember with a profound sense of guilt an occasion on which I forgot a dinner engagement and remembered just as I had finished my own dinner. I rushed round, arriving very late, and tried to eat a second dinner, which I found to be an agonizing torture. To the young and shy the recollection of social faux pas is a misery which makes society much more painful than solitude. I think the feeling that most people have about serious sins is essentially of the same kind. Those who commit a murder - so, at least, I gather from the books - feel little remorse so long as they are sure that they will not be found out, but begin to wish that they had not done it as soon as discovery becomes imminent. I doubt whether there is any real difference, except in degree, between the remorse of a murderer and the humiliation of the shy man when he has behaved awkwardly. In each case one has the feeling 'If only it were to do again, how differently I could act,' combined with fantasies of a wiser behaviour which may in time completely falsify one's memory. I suspect that nine people out of ten, if they had committed a murder at the age of twenty and had never been found out, would by the time they were seventy have become convinced that they had never done any such thing. I am sure that eminent plutocrats who are self-made have quite forgotten the tricks and twists of their early days. Public exposure of crimes committed long ago, when it occurs, probably causes genuine surprise to the criminal. I read a novel once in which a man and woman, who had both committed serious crimes, married each other in ignorance of each other's past and were both genuinely pained when they discovered the sort of person they had married. I think remorse is essentially a social phenomenon which occurs when we realise (realize) that, owing to something we have done, we cannot make other people take the favourable view of ourselves that we should wish them to entertain. It is, of course, essential that we should accept the standards from which our social condemnation springs. If we do not, our reaction is quite different, being one of indignation and self-assertion. Some fortunate people never experience the sense of being in the wrong, either in great matters or in small. I remember once asking an eminent lady whether she had ever felt shy. She replied: 'No. Whenever I have felt any tendency that way, I have said to myself "You are the cleverest member of one of the cleverest families of the cleverest class of the cleverest nation in the world - why should you feel shy ?" ' I heard this answer with awe and envy. |
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